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Russia–Spain relations ((ロシア語:Российско-испанские отношения) (スペイン語:Relaciones bilaterales entre Rusia y España)) refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the Russian Federation and Kingdom of Spain. Russia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona, and Spain has an embassy in Moscow. Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow first exchanged envoys in 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. Soviet-Spanish relations, once terminated after the Spanish Civil War, were gradually reestablished since 1963 and fully established in 1977. Trade between the two countries amounted to two billion Euros in 2008. In March 2009, the two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets. ==Muscovy and Imperial Russia== Official contacts between Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow go back to 1519, when King Charles I of Spain notified Grand Duke Vasili III of Russia of his ascension to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V. In 1523, Yakov Polushkin delivered Vasili's response to the court at Valladolid, thus becoming the first Russian envoy to Spain.〔 In 1525 Russian envoys Ivan Zasekin-Yaroslavsky and Semen Borisov presented their credentials to Charles; they brought news of the Discovery of the Americas to Muscovy.〔 The Spanish Inquisition and especially the aftermath of the Alhambra Decree expelling Jews from the Kingdom were of particular interest to 16th-century Russian clergy, then obsessed with suppressing the Judaizers heresy within the Russian Orthodox Church.〔Hillgarth, p. 481〕 Muscovy, unlike contemporary European nations, studied the Inquisition not "as an example to avoid but a model to imitate".〔 Another temporary contact was established by Pyotr Potemkin's embassy (1667–1668) during the reign of Alexis I of Russia.〔〔Hillgarth, p. 480〕 Regular embassies of the two countries were established by Peter I of Russia and Philip V of Spain in 1722; in 1723, Russia also opened a consulate in Cádiz. Prince Sergey Golitsyn served as the first Russian ambassador to Spain; duke Diego Francisco de Liria, who also inherited the Jacobite title of Duke of Berwick, served as ambassador of Spain in Russia. However, after the unexpected death of Peter II of Russia, Spain declared the ascension of Anna of Russia unlawful and severed diplomatic relations until 1759.〔 De Liria, who closely watched the events of 1730, provided an important account of Anna's ascension.〔Anisimov, pp. 80-84〕 In 1799–1801 Spain severed ties after Paul I of Russia assumed the Catholic title of Grand Master of Knights Hospitaller; in 1833–1856 Russia closed the embassies, denying legitimacy of Isabella II of Spain.〔 Apart from these two conflicts, relationships were uneventful; the two countries were never engaged in direct war against each other. In 1756–1763 they were allies in the Seven Years' War. During the Napoleonic Wars the two countries were either allies or foes, but did not engage each other directly. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russia–Spain relations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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